![]() ![]() ![]() Kaba J, Rola M, Materniak M, Kuzmak J, Nowicki M (2009) Isolation and characterization of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goats from Poland. Karr BM, Chebloune Y, Leung K, Narayan O (1996) Genetic characterization of two phenotypically distinct North American ovine lentiviruses and their possible origin from caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Virology 179:347–364Ĭastro RS, Greenland T, Leite RC, Gouveia A, Mornex JF, Cordier G (1999) Conserved sequence motifs involving the tat reading frame of Brazilian caprine lentiviruses indicate affiliations to both caprine-arthritis encephalitis virus and visna-maedi virus. Saltarelli M, Querat G, Konings DA, Vigne R, Clements J (1990) Nucleotide sequences and transcriptional analysis of molecular clones of CAEV which generates infectious virus. Turelli P, Guiguen F, Mornex JF, Vigne R, Quérat G (1997) dUTPase-minus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is attenuated for pathogenesis and accumulates G-to-A substitutions. Virus Res 175(1):30–44īlacklaws BA, Berriatua E, Torsteinsdottir S, Watt NJ, de Andres D, Klein D, Harkiss GD (2004) Transmission of small ruminant lentiviruses. Santry LA, De Jong J, Gold AC, Walsh SR, Menzies PI, Wootton SK (2013) Genetic characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses circulating in naturally infected sheep and goats in Ontario, Canada. Greenwood PL, North RN, Kirkland PD (1995) Prevalence, spread and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in dairy goat herds in New South Wales. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82(20):7086–7090ĭe Boer GF, Terpstra C, Houwers DJ, Hendricks J (1979) Studies in epidemiology of maedi/visna in sheep. Gendelman HE, Narayan O, Molineaux S, Clements JE, Ghotbi Z (1985) Slow, persistent replication of lentiviruses: role of tissue macrophages and macrophage precursors in bone marrow. ![]() This study is the first report to describe the molecular characteristics of CAEV circulating in the Philippines. Molecular characterization of the CAEV gag gene is important for the development of a detection kit specific for the local strain of CAEV and the establishment of small ruminant lentivirus eradication programs in the Philippines. Based on amino acid sequence alignments, it is possible that the Philippine CAEV isolate is a new strain of CAEV, but it is also possible that it was already present in the country even before the start of goat importation. In addition, the Philippine CAEV isolate clustered in group B with the prototype caprine lentivirus. ![]() CAEV was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and new sets of primers were designed in order to amplify the gag gene, which is a highly conserved region of the viral genome. DNA sequence analysis showed homology of 86–93 % between Philippine CAEV and available CAEV sequences in GenBank. All rights reserved.Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) causes caprine arthritis encephalitis syndrome, which is an emerging disease of goats in the Philippines. These data suggest the use of sperm from CAEV-free goat males for artificial insemination in genetic selection programs to minimize CAEV dissemination.Ĭopyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. Our findings clearly demonstrate that cells of the buck genital tract are targets of CAEV and are thus a potential reservoir that sheds infectious CAEV into the semen of infected animals. The culture medium of inoculated cells was shown to contain high titers (10(6) tissue culture infectious doses 50 per ml (TCID50/ml)) of infectious, cytopathic virus when assayed using indicator goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells. Expression of CAEV proteins was detected by immunofluorescence using an anti-p28, Gag-specific antibody. Inoculated cells developed cytopathic effects (CPE), showing numerous multinucleated giant cells (MGC) in cell-culture monolayers. Cultured cells were then inoculated with a molecularly-cloned isolate of CAEV (CAEV-pBSCA). Cells were isolated from epididymides obtained from goats that were sampled from a certified-CAEV-free herd. The aim of this study was to examine whether goat EECs are susceptible to CAEV infection in tissue culture. This intimate interaction between spermatozoa and EECs may increase the likelihood of the infection of semen with CAEV if epididymal tissue is productively infected and sheds the virus into the duct. During their transit, spermatozoa incorporate several EEC-produced proteins into their plasma membranes to stabilize them and prevent premature acrosomal reaction. Epididymal epithelial cells (EECs) are important and play a key role in the fertility and motility of spermatozoa. The transmission of CAEV from male goats has not been well studied and the target cells that support viral replication are not well characterized. ![]()
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